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Astra C
The Astra C was a 1912 French single engine biplane, manufactured by Société Astra at Villacoublay. In 1913, the Astra CM Hydro-avion three-seat floatplane version was used to make the world's first scheduled passenger-carrying flights.
==Design and development==
The Astra C was initially designed as a single seat biplane, powered by a single 50 hp Renault engine in tractor configuration. It was constructed primarily as wooden framework sections, covered in canvas and wire-braced. The fuselage was of triangular cross section, with a wheeled main undercarriage plus nose skid and tail skid. The wings were of unequal span, and employed wing-warping for roll control.〔(aviafrance.com )〕
The Astra CM was developed from the Astra C, with a more powerful engine and added accommodation for two observers, for military reconnaissance.〔(aviafrance.com )〕〔(Flight, 30 Dec 1911, p. 1130 )〕〔(Aviation Pioneers: An Anthology )〕
The Astra CM 'Hydro-avion' (seaplane) was a further development in 1913, with a 100 hp engine and twin floats that replaced the wheels and skids. The wooden frame elements were largely replaced by steel tubes, and the wing ribs and floats were the principal remaining wooden components.〔(Flight, 16 November 1912, p. 1053 )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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